A directory of reference data sources on cyber, insurance, reinsurance, climate and AI. Methodology, scope and intended use of each source, with its links to our articles, tools and glossary terms.
Chainalysis
Annual report measuring illicit financial flows on blockchains. Covers sums paid to ransomware operators, laundering, scams and funds tied to sanctioned entit…
IBM Security (recherche Ponemon Institute)
Annual study estimating the average total cost of a data breach. Breaks the cost down by phase (detection, notification, response, lost business), by sector,…
Coveware (Veeam)
Quarterly report on the economics of ransomware. Documents median and average ransom payments, the share of victims that pay, the most active strains and init…
Verizon Business
Annual analysis of confirmed security breaches and incidents. Classifies attack patterns, actors, motives and targeted assets by industry. It is the industry'…
Cyentia Institute
Quantitative research programme on information risk. Models the frequency and severity of cyber loss events from large claims databases, with particular care…
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Annual report of the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center. Records the number of complaints filed and the financial losses reported by scam type, including b…
Marsh
Broker market publications on cyber insurance. Track the evolution of rates, capacity, take-up and coverage terms, drawn from the broker's placement flow. Use…
NetDiligence
Annual study of cyber claims actually paid, based on data from partner insurers. Documents claim cost by company size, by cause and by component (response, bu…
Ponemon Institute
Research institute specialised in the economics of information security and privacy. Produces numerous studies on breach cost, cyber resilience and the cost o…
Sophos
Annual state-of-ransomware report based on an international survey of organisations. Measures attack rate, payment frequency, ransom amounts, recovery cost an…
Aon
The broker Aon's natural-catastrophe report, titled Climate and Catastrophe Insight. Quantifies the year's economic and insured losses by peril and region, an…
Copernicus (Union européenne)
The European Copernicus Climate Change Service, operated on behalf of the European Union. Provides reanalyses, climate indicators and monthly bulletins on glo…
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), UCLouvain
An international disaster database operated by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the University of Louvain. Records natural a…
Gallagher Re
The reinsurance broker Gallagher Re's natural-catastrophe report. Publishes an annual review and quarterly updates on economic and insured losses by event and…
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Produces, in assessment cycles, synthesis reports summarising the state of scientific knowledge on the causes,…
Munich Re
A reference database on global natural catastrophes operated by the reinsurer Munich Re under the NatCatSERVICE name. Records events, economic losses and insu…
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Reference climate and weather data produced by the United States agency NOAA, via its national environmental information centers. Covers temperature, precipit…
PERILS AG
An independent body providing industry insured-loss data for natural catastrophes, first in Europe and then across other territories. Publishes per-event loss…
Banque mondiale
The World Bank's Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Centralises historical and projected climate data, country risk profiles and vulnerability and adaptation in…
World Resources Institute
The World Resources Institute's global water-risk mapping platform. Assesses water stress, flood and drought risk by basin and country, under climate scenario…
Cloudscene
A platform mapping data centres, connectivity providers and exchange points worldwide. Documents the digital-infrastructure ecosystem by market, operator and…
Data Center Map
An online directory listing data centres and hosting providers by country and city. Documents the location, operator and declared characteristics of facilitie…
International Energy Agency
A special report by the International Energy Agency on the links between energy and artificial intelligence. Quantifies the electricity demand of data centres…
International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency's flagship annual publication on global energy outlooks. Covers supply, demand, investment and emissions by scenario, over a l…
Uptime Institute
A reference body on data-centre reliability and efficiency, known for its availability-tier certification. Publishes a global annual survey on outages, energy…
AM Best
A rating agency specialised in insurance and reinsurance. Assigns financial-strength ratings to insurers and publishes market reports by segment and region. A…
Artemis (Steasy Media)
A market reference on insurance-linked securities, including a cat-bond issuance database documenting size, trigger, peril, sponsor and spread. Also tracks ma…
Guy Carpenter (Marsh McLennan)
A reinsurance broker publishing market analyses and the Global Property Catastrophe Rate-on-Line index, the reference measure of catastrophe reinsurance prici…
Insurance Europe
The European insurance and reinsurance federation. Publishes aggregated statistics on premiums, benefits and insurance penetration by European country, along…
Lloyd's of London
Official Lloyd's communications to its syndicates, including the market bulletins that formalise underwriting requirements, mandatory clauses and market posit…
Munich Re
Market and research publications from the reinsurer Munich Re, distinct from the NatCatSERVICE database. Cover insurance-market outlooks, emerging risks, cybe…
Steasy Media (Reinsurance News)
A specialist news outlet on reinsurance, renewals and the alternative risk-transfer market. Covers reinsurer results, capacity movements and market deals in n…
Swiss Re Institute
The research arm of the reinsurer Swiss Re, publisher of the sigma series and numerous thematic studies on emerging risks, climate, cyber and insurance market…
Swiss Re Institute
Reference research series on global primary insurance and reinsurance markets. Covers life and non-life premium volumes by region, economic and insured losses…
Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution
The French supervisor of the banking and insurance sectors, attached to the Banque de France. Publishes sector analyses, studies on the solvency of French ins…
Banque centrale européenne
The European Central Bank's semiannual financial stability review. Analyses vulnerabilities in the euro-area financial system, including insurers' exposure, c…
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
The European supervisory authority for insurance and occupational pensions. Publishes sector stress tests, the risk dashboard, technical opinions and the impl…
European Securities and Markets Authority
The European securities and markets authority. Publishes reports on market risk, financial stability, funds and instrument regulation, including insurance-lin…
International Association of Insurance Supervisors
The international association of insurance supervisors. The Global Insurance Market Report assesses sector trends and risks worldwide, including systemic risk…
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
An annual regulatory supplement recording the cyber-insurance activity reported by insurers in the United States. Documents written premiums, policy counts, c…
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
The association of United States state insurance supervisors, coordinating regulation at federal level without replacing it. Publishes market data, line-of-bu…
Network for Greening the Financial System
A network of central banks and supervisors devoted to greening the financial system. Produces the reference climate scenarios used by supervisors for stress t…
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
The United States Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. Continuously publishes vulnerability advisories, active-threat alerts, industrial control…
CrowdStrike
Annual threat-intelligence report from an endpoint protection vendor. Documents tracked threat groups, breakout speeds, the rise of malware-free intrusions an…
Agence de l'Union européenne pour la cybersécurité
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. The annual Threat Landscape report ranks the main threat categories, their trends and the sectors targeted across Eur…
Mandiant (Google Cloud)
Annual intelligence report drawn from Mandiant's incident-response engagements, now part of Google Cloud. Tracks dwell time, initial access vectors and attack…
MITRE Corporation
Open knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques observed in real attacks. Structures attacker behaviour into a matrix of tactics and techniques, decli…
Netscout (Arbor Networks)
Biannual intelligence report on distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Measures the volume, frequency, size and vectors of attacks, along with their gr…
National Institute of Standards and Technology
The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, producer of structuring cybersecurity resources. Maintains the Cybersecurity Framework (CSF)…
Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information
France's national information security agency. Publishes the annual threat overview, CERT-FR advisories and alerts, hardening guides and provider-qualificatio…
Casualty Actuarial Society
The learned society of actuaries specialised in property and casualty insurance. Publishes research papers, proceedings and monographs on pricing, reserving a…
Institut des Actuaires (France)
The professional association of actuaries in France. Publishes dissertations, committee work and technical contributions on pricing, reserving and emerging ri…
Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
The professional body of actuaries in the United Kingdom. Publishes research, technical notes and standards across all lines, life, non-life, pensions and cli…
Society of Actuaries
The learned society of actuaries oriented toward life, health, pensions and longevity risk. Publishes research studies, experience tables and work on mortalit…
UN-convened Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance
An alliance of institutional investors, including insurers, committed to aligning their portfolios with carbon neutrality. Publishes intermediate-target proto…
UNEP FI (Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement, Initiative financière)
The Principles for Sustainable Insurance, an initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative. Defines a voluntary framework for inte…
Science Based Targets initiative
An initiative validating companies' emission-reduction targets against climate science. Defines sectoral methods, including the financial sector and insurance…
Financial Stability Board (TCFD) puis ISSB
A framework for climate-related financial disclosures created by the Financial Stability Board. The taskforce was disbanded in October 2023, with monitoring o…
Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures
The Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures. Develops a reporting framework for nature and biodiversity-related risks and opportunities, transposing…
Responsible AI Collaborative (Partnership on AI)
An open database recording incidents and harms caused or narrowly averted by artificial intelligence systems. Documents each case by description, actors and c…
AlgorithmWatch
A non-profit organisation observing the use of automated decision-making systems and their social effects, mainly in Europe. Publishes investigations, case an…
Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
The artificial intelligence policy observatory of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Centralises national public policies, indicators…
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI
The annual report of the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI, measuring the state of artificial intelligence. Covers research, technical progress, econom…
Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility SPC
A pooled parametric insurance facility covering Caribbean and Central American states against cyclones, earthquakes and excess rainfall. The annual reports do…
JBA Risk Management
A specialist in global flood-risk modelling. Produces hazard maps and flood loss models by country, along with analyses of climate-driven water risk. A sector…
Karen Clark & Company
An independent catastrophe-modelling vendor founded by a pioneer of the discipline. Publishes rapid insured-loss estimates after major events and advocates an…
Moody's (RMS)
A catastrophe-modelling vendor integrated into Moody's since the acquisition of Risk Management Solutions. Publishes per-event loss estimates for major events…
Verisk (Property Claim Services)
A catastrophe insured-loss estimation service operated by Verisk. Officially designates catastrophe events in the United States and publishes consolidated ind…
Verisk (anciennement AIR Worldwide)
A vendor of probabilistic models for natural and man-made catastrophes, formerly AIR Worldwide. Publishes per-event insured-loss estimates, season analyses an…